Vad ledde till boston tea party

1773 American protest against British taxation

For other uses, see Boston Tea Party (disambiguation).

The Boston Tea Party was an American political and mercantile protest on månad 16, 1773, bygd the Sons of Liberty in Boston in colonial Massachusetts.^[2] The mål was the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, which allowed the East India Company to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying taxes apart from those imposed bygd the Townshend Acts.

The Sons of Liberty strongly opposed the taxes in the Townshend Act as a violation of their rights. In response, the Sons of Liberty, some disguised as Native Americans, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent bygd the East India Company.

The demonstrators boarded the ships and threw the chests of tea into the Boston Harbor.

The British government considered the protest an act of treason and responded harshly.^[3] Days later the Philadelphia Tea Party, instead of destroying a shipment of tea, sent the fartyg back to England without unloading. The episodes escalated into the American Revolution, and the Boston Tea Party became an iconic event of American history. Since then other political protests such as the Tea Party movement have referred to themselves as historical successors to the Boston protest of 1773.

The Tea Party was the culmination of a resistance movement throughout British amerika against the Tea Act, a tax passed bygd the British Parliament in 1773. Colonists objected to the Tea Act believing it violated their rights as Englishmen to "no taxation without representation", that fryst vatten, to be taxed only bygd their own elected representatives and not bygd a parliament in which they were not represented.

The well-connected East India Company also had been granted competitive advantages over colonial tea importers, who resented the move and feared additional infringement on their business.^[4] Protesters had prevented the unloading of tea in three other colonies, but in Boston, embattled Royal Governor Thomas Hutchinson refused to allow the tea to be returned to Great Britain.

The Boston Tea Party was a significant event that helped accelerate and intensify colonial support for the American Revolution. Parliament responded in 1774 with the Intolerable Acts, or Coercive Acts, which, among other provisions, ended local self-government in Massachusetts and closed Boston's commerce. Colonists throughout the Thirteen Colonies responded to the Intolerable Acts with additional acts of protest, and bygd convening the First Continental församling in Philadelphia, which petitioned the British monarch for repeal of the acts and coordinated colonial resistance to them, culminating in the October 1774 Continental Association.

The crisis escalated, leading to the Battles of usa and Concord on April 19, 1775, which marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary War.

Background

Initially known as The Destruction of the Tea.^[5] The moniker "Boston Tea Party" gained popularity in the early 19th century as the event took on a legendary ställning eller tillstånd in American history.

The name succinctly captures the combination of locality (Boston), the commodity involved (tea), and the natur of the event (a political 'party' or samling as a struktur of protest). The Boston Tea Party arose from two issues confronting the British Empire: the financial problems of the British East India Company and an ongoing dispute about the extent of Parliament's authority, if any, over the British American colonies without seating any elected representation.

The North Ministry's attempt to lösa these issues produced a showdown that eventually resulted in the Revolution, the associated War of Independence, and ultimately the end of British colonialization and the emergence of the United States as a sovereign nation.^[6] The Boston Tea Party was the second American tax revolt against the British royal authority, the first occurring in April 1772, in Weare, New Hampshire known as the Pine Tree Riot where colonialists protested heavy fines levied against them for harvesting trees.^[7]

Tea trade to 1767

As Europeans developed a taste for tea in the 17th century, rival companies were formed to import the product from China, which was then governed bygd the Qing dynasty.^[8] In 1698, the British Parliament granted the East India Company a monopoly on the importation of tea.^[9] When tea became popular in the British colonies, Parliament sought to eliminate utländsk competition bygd passing an act in 1721 that required colonists to import their tea only from Great Britain.^[10] The East India Company did not export tea to the colonies; bygd lag, the company was required to sell its tea wholesale at auctions in England.

British firms bought this tea and exported it to the colonies, where they resold it to merchants in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston.^[11]

Until 1767, the East India Company paid an ad valorem tax of about 25% on tea that it imported into Great Britain.^[12] Parliament laid additional taxes on tea sold for consumption in Britain.

These high taxes, combined with the fact that tea imported into the Dutch Republic was not taxed bygd the Dutch government, meant that Britons and British Americans could buy smuggled Dutch tea at much cheaper prices.^[13] The biggest marknad for illicit tea was England—by the 1760s the East India Company was losing £400,000 per year to smugglers in Great Britain^[14]—but Dutch tea was also smuggled into British amerika in significant quantities.^[15]

In 1767, to help the East India Company compete with smuggled Dutch tea, Parliament passed the Indemnity Act, which lowered the tax on tea consumed in Great Britain and gave the East India Company a refund of the 25% duty on tea that was re-exported to the colonies.^[16] To help offset this loss of government revenue, Parliament also passed the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767, which levied new taxes, including one on tea, in the colonies.^[17]

Townshend duty crisis

Main article: Townshend Acts

A controversy between Great Britain and the colonies arose in the 1760s when Parliament sought, for the first time, to impose a direkt tax on the colonies for the purpose of raising revenue.

Some colonists, known in the colonies as American patriots, objected to the new tax schema, arguing that it was a violation of the British Constitution. Britons and British Americans agreed that, according to the constitution, British subjects could not be taxed without the consent of their elected representatives. In Great Britain, this meant that taxes could only be levied bygd Parliament.

Colonists, however, did not elect members of Parliament, and so American Whigs argued that the colonies could not be taxed bygd that body. According to Whigs, colonists could only be taxed bygd their own colonial assemblies. Colonial protests resulted in the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766, but in the 1766 Declaratory Act, Parliament continued to insist that it had the right to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever".^{[citation needed]}

When new taxes were levied in the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767, American patriots igen responded with protests and boycotts.

Merchants organized a non-importation agreement, and many colonists pledged to abstain from drinking British tea, with activists in New England promoting alternatives, such as domestic Labrador tea.^[18] olaglig transport continued apace, especially in New York and Philadelphia, where tea olaglig transport had always been more extensive than in Boston.

Dutied British tea continued to be imported into Boston, however, especially bygd Richard Clarke and the sons of Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson, until pressure from Massachusetts Whigs compelled them to abide bygd the non-importation agreement.^[19]

Parliament finally responded to the protests bygd repealing the Townshend taxes in 1770, except for the tea duty, which Prime Minister Lord North kept to assert "the right of taxing the Americans".^[20] This partial repeal of the taxes was enough to bring an end to the non-importation movement bygd October 1770.^[21] From 1771 to 1773, British tea was once igen imported into the colonies in significant amounts, with merchants paying the Townshend duty of three pence (equivalent to £1.61 in 2023) per pound in vikt of tea.^[22][23] Boston was the largest colonial importerade varor of legal tea; smugglers still dominated the marknad in New York and Philadelphia.^[24]

In the 1772 Gaspee affair, colonists attacked and burned a British navy fartyg enforcing British customs laws off the coast of Newport, Rhode Island.

Tea Act of 1773

Main article: Tea Act

The Indemnity Act of 1767, which gave the East India Company a refund of the duty on tea that was re-exported to the colonies, expired in 1772. Parliament passed a new act in 1772 that reduced this refund, effectively leaving a 10% duty on tea imported into Britain.^[26] The act also restored the tea taxes within Britain that had been repealed in 1767, and left in place the three pence Townshend duty in the colonies, lika to £1.61 today.

With this new tax burden driving up the price of British tea, sales plummeted. The company continued to import tea into Great Britain, however, amassing a huge surplus of product that no one would buy.^[27] For these and other reasons, bygd late 1772 the East India Company, one of Britain's most important commercial institutions, was in a serious financial crisis.^[28] The severe famine in Bengal from 1769 to 1773 had drastically reduced the revenue of the East India Company from India bringing the Company to the gräns of bankruptcy and the Tea Act of 1773 was enacted to help the East India Company.^[29]

Eliminating some of the taxes was one obvious solution to the crisis.

The East India Company initially sought to have the Townshend duty repealed, but the North ministry was unwilling because such an action might be interpreted as a retreat from Parliament's position that it had the right to tax the colonies.^[30] More importantly, the tax collected from the Townshend duty was used to pay the salaries of some colonial governors and judges.^[31] This was in fact the purpose of the Townshend tax: previously these officials had been paid bygd the colonial assemblies, but Parliament now paid their salaries to keep them dependent on the British government rather than allowing them to be accountable to the colonists.^[32]

Another possible solution for reducing the growing kulle eller hög of tea in the East India Company warehouses was to sell it cheaply in europe.

This possibility was investigated, but it was determined that the tea would simply be smuggled back into Great Britain, where it would undervärdera the taxed product.^[33] The best marknad for the East India Company's surplus tea, so it seemed, was the American colonies, if a way could be funnen to man it cheaper than the smuggled Dutch tea.^[34]

The North Ministry's solution was the Tea Act, which received the assent of King George on May 10, 1773.^[35] This act restored the East India Company's full refund on the duty for importing tea into Britain, and also permitted the company, for the first time, to export tea to the colonies on its own konto.

This would allow the company to reduce costs bygd eliminating the middlemen who bought the tea at wholesale auctions in London.^[36] Instead of selling to middlemen, the company now appointed colonial merchants to receive the tea on consignment; the consignees would in vända sell the tea for a kommission. In July 1773, tea consignees were selected in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Charleston.^[37] The Tea Act in 1773 authorized the shipment of 5,000 chests of tea (250 tons) to the American colonies.

There would be a tax of £1,750 (equal to £283,000 today) to be paid bygd the importers when the cargo landed. The act granted the East India Company a monopoly on the sale of tea that was cheaper than smuggled tea; its hidden purpose was to force the colonists to pay a tax of 3 pennies on every pound of tea.^[38]

The Tea Act thus retained the three pence Townshend duty on tea imported to the colonies.

Some members of Parliament wanted to eliminate this tax, arguing that there was no reason to provoke another colonial controversy. former Chancellor of the Exchequer William Dowdeswell, for example, warned Lord North that the Americans would not accept the tea if the Townshend duty remained.^[39] But North did not want to give up the revenue from the Townshend tax, primarily because it was used to pay the salaries of colonial officials; maintaining the right of taxing the Americans was a secondary concern.^[40] According to historian Benjamin Labaree, "A stubborn Lord North had unwittingly hammered a nail in the coffin of the old British Empire."^[41]

Even with the Townshend duty in effect, the Tea Act would allow the East India Company to sell tea more cheaply than before, undercutting the prices offered bygd smugglers, but also undercutting colonial tea importers, who paid the tax and received no refund.

In 1772, legally imported Bohea, the most common variety of tea, sold for about 3 shillings (3s) per pound, lika to £24.22 today.^[42] After the Tea Act, colonial consignees would be able to sell tea for 2 shillings per pound (2s), just beneath the smugglers' price of 2 shillings and 1 penny (2s 1d).^[43] Realizing that the betalning of the Townshend duty was politically sensitive, the company hoped to conceal the tax bygd making arrangemang to have it paid either in London once the tea was landed in the colonies, or have the consignees tyst pay the duties after the tea was sold.

This effort to hide the tax from the colonists was unsuccessful.^[44]

Resisting the Tea Act

In September and October 1773, sju ships carrying East India Company tea were sent to the colonies: kvartet were bound for Boston, and one each for New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston.^[45] In the ships were more than 2,000 chests containing nearly 600,000 pounds (270,000 kg) of tea.^[46] Americans learned the details of the Tea Act while the ships were ett rutt, and motstånd began to mount.^[47] Whigs, sometimes calling themselves Sons of Liberty, began a campaign to raise awareness and to convince or compel the consignees to resign, in the same way that stamp distributors had been forced to resign in the 1765 Stamp Act crisis.^[48]

The protest movement that culminated with the Boston Tea Party was not a dispute about high taxes.

The price of legally imported tea was actually reduced bygd the Tea Act of 1773. Protesters were instead concerned with a variety of other issues. The familiar "no taxation without representation" argument, along with the question of the extent of Parliament's authority in the colonies, remained prominent.^[49]Samuel Adams considered the British tea monopoly to be "equal to a tax" and to raise the same representation issue whether or not a tax was applied to it.^[50] Some regarded the purpose of the tax program—to man leading officials independent of colonial influence—as a dangerous infringement of colonial rights.^[51] This was especially true in Massachusetts, the only colony where the Townshend schema had been fully implemented.^[52]

Colonial merchants, some of them smugglers, played a significant role in the protests.

Because the Tea Act made legally imported tea cheaper, it threatened to put smugglers of Dutch tea out of business.^[53] Legitimate tea importers who had not been named as consignees bygd the East India Company were also threatened with financial ruin bygd the Tea Act.^[54] Another major concern for merchants was that the Tea Act gave the East India Company a monopoly on the tea trade, and it was feared that this government-created monopoly might be extended in the future to include other goods.^[55]

In New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston protesters compelled the tea consignees to resign.

In Charleston, the consignees had been forced to resign bygd early månad, and the unclaimed tea was seized bygd customs officials.^[56] There were mass protest meetings in Philadelphia. Benjamin Rush urged his fellow countrymen to oppose the landing of the tea, because the cargo contained "the seeds of slavery".^[57][58] bygd early månad, the Philadelphia consignees had resigned, and in late månad the tea fartyg returned to England with its cargo following a confrontation with the ship's captain.^[59] The tea fartyg bound for New York City was delayed bygd bad weather; bygd the time it arrived, the consignees had resigned, and the fartyg returned to England with the tea.^[60]

Standoff in Boston

In every colony except Massachusetts, protesters were able to force the tea consignees to resign or to return the tea to England.^[61] In Boston, however, Governor Hutchinson was determined to hold his ground.

He convinced the tea consignees, two of whom were his sons, not to back down.^[62]

When the tea fartyg Dartmouth^[a] arrived in the Boston Harbor in late November, Whig leader Samuel Adams called for a mass meeting to be held at Faneuil entré on November 29, 1773.

Kort skrivelse samt boktips vid Historiska Medias bplats var ni kunna studera angående Boston Tea Party, inledningen vid den amerikanska revolutionen.

Thousands of people arrived, so many that the meeting was moved to the larger Old South Meeting House.^[63] British lag required Dartmouth to unload and pay the duties within twenty days or customs officials could confiscate the cargo (i.e. unload it onto American soil).^[64] The mass meeting passed a upplösning, introduced bygd Adams and based on a similar set of resolutions promulgated earlier in Philadelphia, urging the captain of Dartmouth to send the fartyg back without paying the import duty.

Meanwhile, the meeting assigned twenty-five dock to watch the fartyg and prevent the tea – including a number of chests from Davison, Newman and Co. of London – from being unloaded.^[65]

The colonial governor of Massachusetts, Governor Hutchinson, refused to grant permission for the Dartmouth to leave without paying the duty. Two more tea ships, Eleanor and Beaver, arrived in Boston Harbor.

On månad 16 – the gods day of Dartmouth's deadline – approximately 5,000^[66]–7,000^[67] people out of an estimated population of 16,000^[66] had gathered around the Old South Meeting House. After receiving a report that Governor Hutchinson had igen refused to let the ships leave, Adams announced that "This meeting can do ingenting further to spara the country." According to a popular story, Adams's statement was a prearranged meddelande for the "tea party" to begin.

However, this claim did not appear in print until nearly a century after the event, in a biography of Adams written bygd his great-grandson, who apparently misinterpreted the evidence.^[68] According to eyewitness accounts, people did not leave the meeting until 10–15 minutes after Adams's alleged "signal", and Adams in fact tried to stop people from leaving because the meeting was not yet over.^[69]

Destruction of the tea

While Samuel Adams tried to reassert control of the meeting, people poured out of the Old South Meeting House to prepare to take action.

In some cases, this involved donning what may have been elaborately prepared Mohawk costumes.^[70] While disguising their individual faces was imperative, because of the illegality of their protest, dressing as Mohawk warriors was a specific and symbolic choice. It showed that the Sons of Liberty identified with amerika, over their tjänsteman ställning eller tillstånd as subjects of Great Britain.^[71]

That evening, a group of 30 to 130 dock, some dressed in the Mohawk krigare disguises, boarded the three vessels and, over the course of three hours, dumped all 342 chests of tea into the water.^[72] The precise location of the Griffin's Wharf site of the Tea Party has been subject to prolonged uncertainty; a comprehensive study^[73] places it nära the foot of Hutchinson Street (today's Pearl Street).^{[better source needed]} The property damage amounted to the destruction of 92,000 pounds (42,000 kg) or 340 chests of tea, reported bygd the British East India Company worth £9,659 (equivalent to £1,550,322 in 2023^[74]), or roughly $1,700,000 in today's money.^[75] The owner of two of the three ships was William Rotch, a Nantucket-born colonist and merchant.^[76]

Another tea fartyg intended for Boston, the William, ran aground at Cape Cod in månad 1773, and its tea was taxed and sold to private parties.

In March 1774, the Sons of Liberty received data that this tea was being held in a warehouse in Boston, entered the warehouse and destroyed all they could find. Some of it had already been sold to Davison, Newman and Co. and was being held in their shop.

The Boston Tea Party ägde plats den 16 månad 1773 inom Bostons hamn samt bidrog mot dem spänningar likt ledde mot den amerikanska revolutionen.

On March 7, Sons of Liberty once igen dressed as Mohawks, broke into the shop, and dumped the gods remaining tea into the harbor.^[77][78]

Reaction

Whether or not Samuel Adams helped program the Boston Tea Party fryst vatten disputed, but he immediately worked to publicize and defend it.^[79] He argued that the Tea Party was not the act of a laglös mob, but was instead a principled protest and the only remaining option the people had to defend their constitutional rights.^[80]

John Adams, Samuel's second cousin and likewise a Founding Father, wrote in his diary on månad 17, 1773, that the Boston Tea Party proved a historical moment in the American Revolution, writing:

This fryst vatten the most magnificent Movement of all.

There fryst vatten a Dignity, a Majesty, a Sublimity, in this gods Effort of the Patriots, that inom greatly admire. The People should never rise, without doing something to be remembered—something notable And striking. This Destruction of the Tea fryst vatten so modig, so djärv, so firm, intrepid and inflexible, and it must have so important Consequences, and so lasting, that inom cant but consider it as an Epocha in History.^[81]

In Great Britain, even those politicians considered friends of the colonies were appalled and this act united all parties there against the colonies.

The Prime Minister Lord North said, "Whatever may be the consequence, we must fara something; if we do not, all fryst vatten over".^[82] The British government felt this action could not remain unpunished, and responded bygd closing the port of Boston and putting in place other laws known as the "Intolerable Acts." Benjamin Franklin stated that the East India Company should be paid for the destroyed tea,^[83] all ninety thousand pounds (which, at two shillings per pound, came to £9,000, or £1.44 million [2014, approx.

$1.7 million US]).^[74] Robert Murray, a New York merchant, went to Lord North with three other merchants and offered to pay for the losses, but the offer was turned down.^[84]

The incident resulted in a similar effect in North amerika, when news of the Boston Tea Party reached London in January and Parliament responded with a series of acts known collectively in the colonies as the Intolerable Acts.

These were intended to punish Boston for the destruction of private property, restore British authority in Massachusetts, and otherwise reform colonial government in amerika. Although the first three, the Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts Government Act and the ledning of Justice Act, applied only to Massachusetts, colonists outside that colony feared that their governments could now also be changed bygd legislative fiat in England.

The Boston Tea Party was an American political and mercantile protest on månad 16, 1773, bygd the Sons of Liberty in Boston in colonial Massachusetts.

The Intolerable Acts were viewed as a violation of constitutional rights, natural rights, and colonial charters, and united many colonists throughout America.^[85]

A number of colonists were inspired bygd the Boston Tea Party to carry out similar acts, such as the burning of Peggy Stewart. The Boston Tea Party eventually proved to be one of the many reactions that led to the American Revolutionary War.^[86] In February 1775, Britain passed the Conciliatory upplösning, which ended taxation for any colony that satisfactorily provided for the imperial defense and the upkeep of imperial officers.

The tax on tea was repealed with the Taxation of Colonies Act 1778, part of another Parliamentary attempt at conciliation that failed.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

John Adams^{[88][failed verification]} and many other Americans considered tea drinking to be unpatriotic following the Boston Tea Party.^{[citation needed]} Tea drinking declined during and after the Revolution, resulting in a shift to kaffe as the preferred hot drink.^{[citation needed]}

According to historian Alfred ung, the begrepp "Boston Tea Party" did not appear in print until 1834.^[89] Before that time, the event was usually referred to as the "destruction of the tea".

According to ung, American writers were for many years apparently reluctant to celebrate the destruction of property, and so the event was usually ignored in histories of the American Revolution. This began to change in the 1830s, however, especially with the publication of biographies of George Robert Twelves Hewes, one of the few still-living participants of the "tea party", as it then became known.^[90]

The Boston Tea Party has often been referenced in other political protests.

When Mohandas Gandhi led a mass burning of Indian registration kort in South Africa in 1908, a British newspaper compared the event to the Boston Tea Party.^[91] When Gandhi met with the Viceroy of India in 1930 after the Indian krydda protest campaign, Gandhi took some duty-free krydda from his sjal and said, with a smile, that the krydda was "to remind us of the famous Boston Tea Party."^[92]

American activists from a variety of political viewpoints have invoked the Tea Party as a tecken of protest.

In 1973, on the 200th anniversary of the Tea Party, a mass meeting at Faneuil ingång called for the impeachment of President Richard Nixon and protested oil companies in the ongoing oil crisis. Afterwards, protesters boarded a replica fartyg in Boston Harbor, hanged Nixon in effigy, and dumped several empty oil drums into the harbor.^[93] In 1998, two conservative US Congressmen put the federal tax code into a chest marked "tea" and dumped it into the harbor.^[94]

In 2006, a libertarian political party called the "Boston Tea Party" was founded.

In 2007, the Ron Paul "Tea Party" money bomb, held on the 234th anniversary of the Boston Tea Party, broke the one-day fund-raising record bygd raising $6.04 million in 24 hours.^[95] Subsequently, these fund-raising "Tea parties" grew into the Tea Party movement, which dominated conservative American politics for the next two years, reaching its peak with a voter victory for the Republicans in 2010 who were widely elected to seats in the United States House of Representatives.^{[citation needed]}

In 2023, the månad 16th 1773 organization hosted a 250th anniversary re-enactment of the Tea Party, putting an original bottle of tea on display.^[96][97]

Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum

The Boston Tea Party Museum fryst vatten located on the församling Street Bridge in Boston.

It features reenactments, a documentary, and a number of interactive exhibits. The museum features two replica ships of the period, Eleanor and Beaver. Additionally, the museum possesses one of two known tea chests from the original event, part of its permanent collection.^[98]

Participants

Actual tea

The American Antiquarian samhälle holds in its collection a vial of actual tea-infused harbor vatten from 1773.^[100]

Cultural references

The Boston Tea Party has been subject of several films:

It has been subject of The Boston Tea Party, a 1976 play bygd Allan Albert, and "Boston Tea Party", a 1976 song bygd the Sensational Alex Harvey grupp from SAHB Stories.^[101]

In the 2012 film game Assassin's Creed III, the Boston Tea Party fryst vatten retold through a main story uppdrag in Sequence 6.

See also

Notes

References

General sources

• Alexander, John K.

  Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. ISBN 0-7425-2115-X.

• Ammerman, David (1974). In the Common Cause: American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774. New York: Norton.
• Carp, Benjamin L. Defiance of the Patriots: The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America (Yale U.P., 2010) ISBN 978-0-300-11705-9online
• Denehy, John William (1906).

  A History of Brookline, Massachusetts, from the First Settlement of Muddy River Until the Present Time: 1630-1906; Commemorating the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Town, Based on the Early Records and Other Authorities and Arranged bygd Leading Subjects. Containing Portraits and Sketches of the Town's Prominent dock Past and Present; Also Illustrations of Public Buildings and Residences.

  Brookline Press.

• Ketchum, Richard. Divided Loyalties: How the American Revolution came to New York. 2002. ISBN 0-8050-6120-7.
• Knollenberg, Bernhard. Growth of the American Revolution, 1766–1775. New York: Free Press, 1975. ISBN 0-02-917110-5.
• Labaree, Benjamin Woods. The Boston Tea Party. Originally published 1964.

  Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-930350-05-7. online

• Maier, Pauline. The Old Revolutionaries: Political Lives in the Age of Samuel Adams. New York: Knopf, 1980. ISBN 0-394-51096-8.
• Raphael, Ray. Founding Myths: Stories That Hide Our Patriotic Past. New York: The New Press, 2004. ISBN 1-56584-921-3.
• Thomas, Peter D.

  G. The Townshend Duties Crisis: The Second Phase of the American Revolution, 1767–1773. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-19-822967-4.

• Thomas, Peter D. G. Tea Party to Independence: The Third Phase of the American Revolution, 1773–1776.
  Tebjudningen inom Boston (engelska: Boston Tea Party) kallas den incident likt inträffade den 16 månad 1773 då amerikanska patrioter förstörde enstaka massiv telast tillhörande Brittiska Ostindiska Kompaniet.

  Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. ISBN 0-19-820142-7.

• Young, Alfred F. The Shoemaker and the Tea Party: Memory and the American Revolution. Boston: Beacon Press, 1999. ISBN